![]() ![]() Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty) carved on limestone.Karnak King List (18th Dynasty) carved on limestone.South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty) carved on a black basalt slab.Giza writing board (6th Dynasty) painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood.Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. Palermo Stone (5th Dynasty) carved on an olivine-basalt slab.It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names. Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty) found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb.The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created): An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report. Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately. The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 314 AD. ![]() Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. ![]() The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.Īchaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee ( nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies ( nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.Įgypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty, c. The title " Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. (last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh) ![]()
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